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    Stars----pages 104-125




Speed of Light =
300 million miles/ sec

***one light year = 300 million x 365 = A lot of miles

***its about 6 trillion miles of distance for 1 light year!

1.  closest star = Alpha Centauri--- 4. 3 light years away
2.  closest galaxy to us = the Andromeda Galaxy-1 million light yrs. away

3.  "our Milky Way Galaxy" = is 100,000 light years across entire galaxy
      ***we have millions of stars in our Milky Way as do all galaxies

4.  Some stars seem to be moving towards "US" - blueshift ( blue stars)
       those stars that are moving away = redshift or look redder

5.  ****most of the galaxies seem to be moving away ( idea is that maybe the UNIVERSE  is actually growing or expanding.


THE COLOR OF THE STARS AND THE VARIETY OF THEM:
******the color of a star also means its temperture----the bluer the star the hotter,  and yellow or red-like are the cooler temp-stars

a.  Betelguese (in Orion) is a red star
b.  Rigel ( in Orion) is a blue star

THE BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR  ( its magnitude)
1.  1st magnitude = the brightest ones, then 2nd,3rd,4th, 5th, ----29TH.
2.  even brighter ones are listed as NEGATIVE NUMBERS

       THE BRIGHTEST STAR ---is called Sirius


3.  apparent magnitude or brightness = is how you see the star on Earth
      absolute magnitude is its actual brightness ( think flashlight example)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Types of Stars ( giants, supergiants, red giants, white dwarfs)
***this is very important and will be on your test !!!!!!
1.  main sequence = its early life stage when it forms and builds itself
     this is where it grows with energy and moving hydrogen into helium
*****most stars become what we know as a yellow star

2. giants and super giants and the red-giant = its adulthood stage.  At this time a star will expand and slowly start to cool.  ( it is about out of hydrogen gases)
------some become 10 times larger than normal size
****super giants will become 100 times larger !!!!!

3.  White dwarf = the final stage of life of a star: a white star is very small
which is smaller than our Sun.  ( its the leftover center of an old star)
They are 100% out of hydrogen so they have no more energy.  Its kind of like a candle that is almost out and barely visible. ( its cooling or dieing)
---------------------------------
4.  Supernovas or a nova = massive blue star systems that are moving the hydrogen gases at a very high rate and give off enormous energy!  These have a very short life and are burning up too quickly. ***in the end they will explode and become this bright flash or mass of light/ colors

5.  Black Holes = are the left-overs of a supernova.   **its the collaspe
material and is very, very large.  It seem to have strong gravity that pulls everything into it



Below are pictures of many kinds of star systems:




                                           
this is a white dwarf
Picture
Picture
this is a ending life of a red giant

Picture
this is a pulsar

Picture
the is in Orion constellation, and is called
the Crab Nebula

Picture
this is the remains of a super nova


and below is a black hole

Picture
Picture
to the left is a set of star clusters

THE FINAL SECTION ( GALAXY TYPES)



1. Quasars = strange set of matter due to high levels of energy and the most distant object in space.  Some are as far as 6 billion light years away ( come from black holes perhaps)
​


2.  A mystery is a set of many groups of stars or matter called GLOBULARS  or Globular Clusters:


3.  Spiral Galaxies ---very common form of a galaxy, similar to our own Milky Way


4. Ellipticals = somewhat oval mass shapes


5.  Irregular galaxies ---- set of no organization


below are 4 sets of pictures of these 5 large masses:










Picture
Picture
Picture
Picture
Picture
Picture
Picture
to the left is the constellation Orion;


note the colors of the star systems and 
some indications of some novas in area

The constellation Orion ( look high into sky to the south)


Picture
Which one is the Big and which one is the Little Dipper? Where is North Star?    ( also known as Ursa Major and Ursa Minor)
Picture
     
Do you know your "sign" ?----its based on when you were born ***
Picture
DISTANCES TO THE STARS 
( amazing numbers and measures)

1.  a light-year is the distance that light can travel in one - year

2.  light - year = 5.878, 625 trillion miles !!!

3.  ***the speed of light = 299,792,458 miles / per/ second

4.  light year = 63,241.0777 A. U.'s

     *** one A. U. - 93 million miles (distance of Sun to Earth)


A
 few interesting places and distances from Earth:

      1.  Oort Cloud (where comets are born) = 2 light years
                        across in its size
      2.  Centauri = our closest star = 4.3 light years away

      3.  Sirius = our brightest start  = 8.60 ly away

      4.  Milky Way Galaxy = 100,000 light years across

      5.  Andromeda Galaxy = 25,000,000 light years away

      6.  Virgo Galaxy = 59,000,000 light years away

 *Earth to the "edge of the Universe" = 45,000,000,000 away

Picture

the term "warp - speed" came from TV show Star Trek

***the same TV show in the l960's that had a cell phone with its space characters.  ( Captain Kirk)
​
 **watch this video from the series about --warp speed
Star Trek
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