Stars----pages 104-125
Speed of Light = 300 million miles/ sec
***one light year = 300 million x 365 = A lot of miles
***its about 6 trillion miles of distance for 1 light year!
1. closest star = Alpha Centauri--- 4. 3 light years away
2. closest galaxy to us = the Andromeda Galaxy-1 million light yrs. away
3. "our Milky Way Galaxy" = is 100,000 light years across entire galaxy
***we have millions of stars in our Milky Way as do all galaxies
4. Some stars seem to be moving towards "US" - blueshift ( blue stars)
those stars that are moving away = redshift or look redder
5. ****most of the galaxies seem to be moving away ( idea is that maybe the UNIVERSE is actually growing or expanding.
THE COLOR OF THE STARS AND THE VARIETY OF THEM:
******the color of a star also means its temperture----the bluer the star the hotter, and yellow or red-like are the cooler temp-stars
a. Betelguese (in Orion) is a red star
b. Rigel ( in Orion) is a blue star
THE BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR ( its magnitude)
1. 1st magnitude = the brightest ones, then 2nd,3rd,4th, 5th, ----29TH.
2. even brighter ones are listed as NEGATIVE NUMBERS
THE BRIGHTEST STAR ---is called Sirius
3. apparent magnitude or brightness = is how you see the star on Earth
absolute magnitude is its actual brightness ( think flashlight example)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Types of Stars ( giants, supergiants, red giants, white dwarfs)
***this is very important and will be on your test !!!!!!
1. main sequence = its early life stage when it forms and builds itself
this is where it grows with energy and moving hydrogen into helium
*****most stars become what we know as a yellow star
2. giants and super giants and the red-giant = its adulthood stage. At this time a star will expand and slowly start to cool. ( it is about out of hydrogen gases)------some become 10 times larger than normal size
****super giants will become 100 times larger !!!!!
3. White dwarf = the final stage of life of a star: a white star is very small
which is smaller than our Sun. ( its the leftover center of an old star)
They are 100% out of hydrogen so they have no more energy. Its kind of like a candle that is almost out and barely visible. ( its cooling or dieing)
---------------------------------
4. Supernovas or a nova = massive blue star systems that are moving the hydrogen gases at a very high rate and give off enormous energy! These have a very short life and are burning up too quickly. ***in the end they will explode and become this bright flash or mass of light/ colors
5. Black Holes = are the left-overs of a supernova. **its the collaspe
material and is very, very large. It seem to have strong gravity that pulls everything into it
Below are pictures of many kinds of star systems:
Speed of Light = 300 million miles/ sec
***one light year = 300 million x 365 = A lot of miles
***its about 6 trillion miles of distance for 1 light year!
1. closest star = Alpha Centauri--- 4. 3 light years away
2. closest galaxy to us = the Andromeda Galaxy-1 million light yrs. away
3. "our Milky Way Galaxy" = is 100,000 light years across entire galaxy
***we have millions of stars in our Milky Way as do all galaxies
4. Some stars seem to be moving towards "US" - blueshift ( blue stars)
those stars that are moving away = redshift or look redder
5. ****most of the galaxies seem to be moving away ( idea is that maybe the UNIVERSE is actually growing or expanding.
THE COLOR OF THE STARS AND THE VARIETY OF THEM:
******the color of a star also means its temperture----the bluer the star the hotter, and yellow or red-like are the cooler temp-stars
a. Betelguese (in Orion) is a red star
b. Rigel ( in Orion) is a blue star
THE BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR ( its magnitude)
1. 1st magnitude = the brightest ones, then 2nd,3rd,4th, 5th, ----29TH.
2. even brighter ones are listed as NEGATIVE NUMBERS
THE BRIGHTEST STAR ---is called Sirius
3. apparent magnitude or brightness = is how you see the star on Earth
absolute magnitude is its actual brightness ( think flashlight example)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Types of Stars ( giants, supergiants, red giants, white dwarfs)
***this is very important and will be on your test !!!!!!
1. main sequence = its early life stage when it forms and builds itself
this is where it grows with energy and moving hydrogen into helium
*****most stars become what we know as a yellow star
2. giants and super giants and the red-giant = its adulthood stage. At this time a star will expand and slowly start to cool. ( it is about out of hydrogen gases)------some become 10 times larger than normal size
****super giants will become 100 times larger !!!!!
3. White dwarf = the final stage of life of a star: a white star is very small
which is smaller than our Sun. ( its the leftover center of an old star)
They are 100% out of hydrogen so they have no more energy. Its kind of like a candle that is almost out and barely visible. ( its cooling or dieing)
---------------------------------
4. Supernovas or a nova = massive blue star systems that are moving the hydrogen gases at a very high rate and give off enormous energy! These have a very short life and are burning up too quickly. ***in the end they will explode and become this bright flash or mass of light/ colors
5. Black Holes = are the left-overs of a supernova. **its the collaspe
material and is very, very large. It seem to have strong gravity that pulls everything into it
Below are pictures of many kinds of star systems:
|
this is a white dwarf
|
|
this is a ending life of a red giant
this is a pulsar
the is in Orion constellation, and is called
the Crab Nebula
the Crab Nebula
this is the remains of a super nova
and below is a black hole
and below is a black hole
to the left is a set of star clusters
THE FINAL SECTION ( GALAXY TYPES)
1. Quasars = strange set of matter due to high levels of energy and the most distant object in space. Some are as far as 6 billion light years away ( come from black holes perhaps)
2. A mystery is a set of many groups of stars or matter called GLOBULARS or Globular Clusters:
3. Spiral Galaxies ---very common form of a galaxy, similar to our own Milky Way
4. Ellipticals = somewhat oval mass shapes
5. Irregular galaxies ---- set of no organization
below are 4 sets of pictures of these 5 large masses:
1. Quasars = strange set of matter due to high levels of energy and the most distant object in space. Some are as far as 6 billion light years away ( come from black holes perhaps)
2. A mystery is a set of many groups of stars or matter called GLOBULARS or Globular Clusters:
3. Spiral Galaxies ---very common form of a galaxy, similar to our own Milky Way
4. Ellipticals = somewhat oval mass shapes
5. Irregular galaxies ---- set of no organization
below are 4 sets of pictures of these 5 large masses:
to the left is the constellation Orion;
note the colors of the star systems and
some indications of some novas in area
note the colors of the star systems and
some indications of some novas in area
The constellation Orion ( look high into sky to the south)
Which one is the Big and which one is the Little Dipper? Where is North Star? ( also known as Ursa Major and Ursa Minor)
Do you know your "sign" ?----its based on when you were born ***
DISTANCES TO THE STARS
( amazing numbers and measures)
1. a light-year is the distance that light can travel in one - year
2. light - year = 5.878, 625 trillion miles !!!
3. ***the speed of light = 299,792,458 miles / per/ second
4. light year = 63,241.0777 A. U.'s
*** one A. U. - 93 million miles (distance of Sun to Earth)
A few interesting places and distances from Earth:
1. Oort Cloud (where comets are born) = 2 light years
across in its size
2. Centauri = our closest star = 4.3 light years away
3. Sirius = our brightest start = 8.60 ly away
4. Milky Way Galaxy = 100,000 light years across
5. Andromeda Galaxy = 25,000,000 light years away
6. Virgo Galaxy = 59,000,000 light years away
*Earth to the "edge of the Universe" = 45,000,000,000 away
( amazing numbers and measures)
1. a light-year is the distance that light can travel in one - year
2. light - year = 5.878, 625 trillion miles !!!
3. ***the speed of light = 299,792,458 miles / per/ second
4. light year = 63,241.0777 A. U.'s
*** one A. U. - 93 million miles (distance of Sun to Earth)
A few interesting places and distances from Earth:
1. Oort Cloud (where comets are born) = 2 light years
across in its size
2. Centauri = our closest star = 4.3 light years away
3. Sirius = our brightest start = 8.60 ly away
4. Milky Way Galaxy = 100,000 light years across
5. Andromeda Galaxy = 25,000,000 light years away
6. Virgo Galaxy = 59,000,000 light years away
*Earth to the "edge of the Universe" = 45,000,000,000 away
the term "warp - speed" came from TV show Star Trek
***the same TV show in the l960's that had a cell phone with its space characters. ( Captain Kirk)
**watch this video from the series about --warp speed
***the same TV show in the l960's that had a cell phone with its space characters. ( Captain Kirk)
**watch this video from the series about --warp speed